At Harvard, the Corporation passes a rule that “all Tutors, now or hereafter chosen” shall hold their position for no longer than three years,”except continued by a new election” [the first “term” appointment]

Donor of Hollis Professorship specifies grounds for termination as “want of ability to execute the trust or misbehavior in the office or immoral and scandalous behavior out of it”

Edward Wigglesworth appointed to first Professorship in America [Hollis Professor of Divinity at Harvard] with NO time limit [indefinite appointment]

William and Mary completes hiring of first faculty and instruction begins

At Harvard, the Corporation and the Board of Overseers agree to three year term of appointment for tutors

Yale’s second charter specifies that dismissal was now allowable for cause, i.e. “any misdemeanor, …….. default or incapacity”

At Kings College, first charter leaves open whether faculty would hold office “during good behavior” or “at will of the Governors”

Naphtali Daggett appointed Yale’s first Professor [of Divinity]

At Princeton, professors achieve numerical parity with tutors [ 3 each]

In Bracken v. Visitors of William and Mary, Virginia Court refuses to accept argument that professors have a “freehold” in their office as members of the Corporation; rather “the will of the Visitors is decisive” in dismissing a professor without a trial

William and Mary appoints its first Professor

At Harvard, number of professors for first time reaches parity with number of tutors[5 each]; two separate career tracks

At Yale, two tutors, Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah Day, “promoted” from tutor to professorships [first such promotions] giving professors near numerical parity with tutors [while only 1/10 Yale tutors subsequently appointed to professorships in 18^th century, all six Yale professors served first as tutors]

At Brown, three professors had joined the five tutors [about 1/5 tutors in 18^th century went on later to professorships, albeit less than half of Brown professors were former tutors]

Who were professors? Typically went into college teaching from a career in ministry, medecine, law; typically pursued an institutional career at their alma mater; average tenure by turn of 19^th century was in generations 30-40 years); half “died in office”; only ¼ left to pursue another career

Harvard appoints first “instructor” (as distinguished from tutors and professors); over next generation almost none come from tutorships nor move into professorships

New York legislature’s new charter for Columbia College provided that ” teachers were to hold their offices at the pleasure of the Trustees” [dropping the requirement for cause and a hearing]

Professors outnumber tutors at Harvard and Yale by 10:6; at Brown, by 3:1

Professors outnumber instructors at Harvard by 10:5

Yale appoints first instructor; only four others appointed over next generation

Francis Gilmer return to US with five professors recruited for first University of Virginia faculty

Harvard faculty “temporarily” reorganized into academic departments (the Ticknor Plan)

Henry Rodgers appointed first Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at University of Pennsylvania [non-salaried!]

First assistant professor appointed at Brown; few additional until 1890s

At Yale, tutors first assigned to departments of instruction

One quarter of Harvard instructors/assistant professor “promoted” to full professorships;

One third of Yale instructors/assistant professors “promoted” to full professorships

Junior faculty begin leaving their first employers for better jobs/promotions elsewhere

Majority of junior faculty [instructors, assistant professors] are “promoted” to professorships at Harvard, Yale, Brown and Michigan

At Harvard, rule is adopted that all professors appointed without express limitation of time could be dismissed for “inadequate performance of duty and misconduct”

Harvard offers first sabbatical leave; junior faculty “outnumber” full professors by 8:5

Junior faculty attain numerical parity with full professors at Michigan and Brown; at Michigan, majority were working on, or had completed, their doctoral degree

Cornell reports that while faculty appointments are technically for one year, “it is the established policy of the University that a man once installed continues indefinitely”

Sanderson survey of 43 land grant colleges reports only two with strict one year appointment policies

First “dry promotions” (without salary increase) made by campuses in response to Great Depression

Several colleges assign full-load faculty to “part-time” salaried positions

Bailey vs. Richardson [182F2nd 46] upholds “privilege doctrine” for public employees

Part-time faculty appointments at the rank of instructor or above reach _____%

US Supreme Court in Slochower vs. Board of Higher Education [350US 551] strikes down statute permitting dismissal of a teacher for exercising his 5^th Amendment right against self-incrimination as a “violation of due process,” effectively challenging/superceding the “privilege doctrine”

AAUP issues its 1958 Conference Statement on Academic Freedom and Tenure, including specification of procedural standards in faculty dismissal hearings

In Worzella vs. Board of Regents [93 NW 2^nd 411], Court upholds dismissal of tenured professor for “insubordination” by South Dakota State College without statement of charges,notice or hearing